Verdrag tussen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden en de Republiek Madagaskar inzake luchtdiensten

1

Each Contracting Party grants to the other Contracting Party except as otherwise specified in the Annex the following rights for the conduct of international air transportation by the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party:

• a)

  the right to fly across its Territory without landing;

• b)

  the right to make stops in its Territory for non-traffic purposes; and

• c)

  while operating An Agreed Service on a Specified Route, the right to make stops in its Territory for the purposes of taking up and discharging international traffic in passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, separately or in combination.

2

Nothing in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be deemed to grant the right for one Contracting Party's Airline(s) to participate in air transportation between points in the Territory of the other Contracting Party (cabotage).

1

Either Contracting Party shall have the right, by written notification through diplomatic channels to the other Contracting Party, to designate one or more airline(s) to operate International Air Services on the routes specified in the Annex and to substitute another Airline for an Airline previously designated.

2

On receipt of such a notification, each Contracting Party shall, without delay, grant to the airline(s) so designated by the other Contracting Party the appropriate operating authorizations subject to the provisions of this article, unless it is not satisfied that:

• (i)

  in the case of the airline(s) designated by the Kingdom of the Netherlands:

  • 1.

    it is established in the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under the Treaty establishing the European Community and has a valid Operating Licence in accordance with European Community law; and

  • 2.

    effective regulatory control of the airline is exercised and maintained by the European Community Member State responsible for issuing its Air Operator’s Certificate and the relevant aeronautical authority is clearly identified in the designation,

  in the case of the airline(s) designated by the Republic of Madagascar:

  • 1.

    it is established in the territory of the Republic of Madagascar and has a valid Operating Licence in accordance with applicable law of the Republic of Madagascar; and

  • 2.

    effective regulatory control of the airline is exercised and maintained by the Republic of Madagascar,

and that:

• ii)

  the Government designating the airline(s) is maintaining and administering the standards set forth in Article 16 (Safety) and Article 17 (Aviation Security).

• iii)

  the Designated Airline(s) is/are qualified to meet the conditions prescribed under the laws and regulations normally applied to the operations of international air transportation by the Contracting Party considering the application or applications.

3

Upon receipt of the operating authorization of paragraph 2 of this Article a Designated Airline may at any time begin to operate the Agreed Services, in part or in whole, provided that it complies with the provisions of this Agreement

1

Each Contracting Party shall have the right to withhold, revoke, suspend or limit the operating authorizations of an Airline designated by the other Contracting Party where:

• i)

  in the case of the airline(s) designated by the Kingdom of the Netherlands:

  • 1.

    it is not established in the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under the Treaty establishing the European Community or does not have a valid Operating Licence in accordance with European Community law; or

  • 2.

    effective regulatory control of the airline is not exercised or not maintained by the European Community Member State responsible for issuing its Air Operator’s Certificate or the relevant aeronautical authority is not clearly identified in the designation.

  in the case of the airline(s) designated by the Republic of Madagascar:

  • 1.

    it is not established in the Republic of Madagascar or does not have a valid Operating licence in accordance with applicable law of the Republic of Madagascar; or

  • 2.

    effective regulatory control is not exercised or not maintained by the Republic of Madagascar.

• (ii)

  that Airline has failed to comply with the laws and regulations referred to in Article 14 (Application of Laws, Regulations and Procedures) of this Agreement;

• (iii)

  the other Contracting Party is not maintaining and administering the standards set forth in Article 16 (Safety);

• (iv)

  such Airline fails to qualify before the Aeronautical Authorities of the Contracting Party assessing the authorization, under the laws and regulations normally and reasonably applied to the operation of International Air Services by these Authorities in conformity with the Convention;

• (v)

  the Airline otherwise fails to operate in accordance with the conditions prescribed under this Agreement.

2

Unless immediate action is essential to prevent further non-compliance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the rights established by this Article shall be exercised only after consultation with the other Contracting Party. Unless otherwise agreed by the Contracting Parties, such consultations shall begin within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt of the request.

3

This Article does not limit the rights of either Contracting Party to withhold, revoke, limit or impose conditions on the operating authorization of an Airline or Airlines of the other Contracting Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 17 (Aviation Security).

1

Each Contracting Party shall allow Prices for air transportation to be established by each Designated Airline based upon commercial considerations in the marketplace. Intervention by the Contracting Parties shall be limited to:

• a)

  prevention of unreasonably discriminatory Prices or practices;

• b)

  protection of consumers from Prices that are unreasonably high or restrictive due to the abuse of a dominant position;

• c)

  protection of Airlines from Prices that are artificially low due to direct or indirect governmental subsidy or support.

2

Neither Contracting Party shall require notification or filing of any price to be charged by the designated airline or airlines of the other Contracting Party. Prices may remain in effect unless subsequently disapproved under paragraph 3 below.

3

Neither Contracting Party shall take unilateral action to prevent the inauguration or continuation of a Price charged or proposed to be charged by (a) an Airline of either Contracting Party for international air transportation between the territories of the Contracting parties, or (b) an Airline of one Contracting Party for international air transportation between the Territory of the other Contracting Party and any other country. If either Contracting Party considers any such Price inconsistent with the considerations set forth in paragraph (1) of this Article, it shall request consultations and notify the other Contracting Party of the reasons for its dissatisfaction as soon as possible. These consultations shall be held not later than thirty (30) days after receipt of the request, and the Contracting parties shall co-operate in securing information necessary for reasoned resolution of the issue. If the Contracting Parties reach agreement with respect to a Price for which a notice of dissatisfaction has been given, each Contracting Party shall use its best efforts to put that agreement into effect. Without such mutual agreement, the Price shall take effect or continue to be in effect until such time the dispute has been resolved under Article 20 of the Agreement.

4

Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article, the designated airline(s) of the Republic of Madagascar shall not be entitled to introduce new products or lower fares than the ones existing for identical products on air services for carriage wholly within the European Community.

1

The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be allowed:

• a)

  to establish in the Territory of the other Contracting Party offices for the promotion and sale of air transportation and ancillary or supplemental services (including the right to sell and to issue any ticket and/or airway bill, both its own tickets and/or airway bills and of any other carrier) as well as other facilities required for the provision of air transportation;

• b)

  in the Territory of the other Contracting Party to engage directly and, at its discretion, through its agents, and/ or other airlines in the sale of air transportation and ancillary or supplemental services;

• c)

  to sell such transportation and ancillary or supplemental services and any person shall be free to purchase such transportation or services in any currency.

2

The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be allowed to bring in and maintain in the Territory of the other Contracting Party its managerial, commercial, operational and technical staff as it may require in connection with the provision of air transportation and ancillary or supplemental services.

3

These staff requirements may, at the option of the Designated Airline, be satisfied by its own personnel or by using the services of any other organization, company or Airline operating in the Territory of the other Contracting Party, authorized to perform such services in the Territory of that Contracting Party.

4

Each Designated Airline shall have the right to perform its own groundhandling in the Territory of the other Contracting Party (“selfhandling”), or, at its option, select among competing agents for such services in whole or in part. This right shall be subject only to physical constraints resulting from considerations of airport safety. Where such considerations preclude selfhandling, ground services shall be available on an equal basis to all airlines; charges shall be based on the costs of services provided; and such services shall be comparable to the kind and quality of services as if selfhandling were possible.

5

In operating or holding out the Air Services on the Specified Routes, each Designated Airline of one Contracting Party may enter into commercial and/or cooperative marketing arrangements including but not limited to blocked-space, code-sharing and leasing arrangements, with any other Airline including an Airline of a third country, provided (a) that the operating carrier in such arrangements holds the appropriate operating authorization, and (b) that tickets make it clear to the purchaser at the point of sale which Airline will actually operate each sector of the service and with which Airline or Airlines the purchaser is entering into a contractual relationship. The code-sharing services of the marketing carrier will not be counted as a frequency.

6

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Designated Airline(s) and indirect providers of air transportation of either of the Contracting Parties shall be permitted, without restriction, to employ in connection with international air transportation any surface transportation for passengers, cargo and mail to or from any points in the Territories of the Contracting Parties or in third countries, including transport to and from all airports with customs facilities, and including, where applicable, the right to transport cargo and mail in bond under applicable laws and regulations.

Such passengers, cargo and mail, whether moving by surface or by air, shall have access to airport customs processing and facilities. Designated Airline(s) may elect to perform their own surface transportation or to provide it through arrangements with other surface carriers, including surface transportation operated by other Airlines and indirect providers of air cargo transportation. Such intermodal services may be offered at a single, through price for the air and surface transportation combined, provided that passengers and shippers are not misled as to the facts concerning such transportation.

7

The activities mentioned in this Article shall be carried out in accordance with the laws and regulations of the other Contracting Party. In case of the Netherlands this includes applicable European Community law.

1

On any segment or segments of the Specified Routes, a Designated Airline may perform international air transportation without any limitation as to change at any point on the Specified Route, in type or number of aircraft operated, provided that in the outbound direction the transportation beyond such point is a continuation of the transportation from the Territory of the Contracting Party that has designated the Airline and, in the inbound direction, the transportation to the Territory of the Contracting Party that has designated the Airline is a continuation of the transportation from beyond such point.

2

For the purpose of Change of Aircraft operations, a Designated Airline may use its own equipment and, subject to national regulations, leased equipment, and may operate under commercial and/or cooperative marketing arrangements with (an) other Airline(s).

3

A Designated Airline may use different or identical flight numbers for the sectors of its Change of Aircraft operations.

1

Each Contracting Party shall allow a fair and equal opportunity for each Designated Airline to compete in providing the international air transportation governed by this Agreement.

2

Each Contracting Party shall take all appropriate action within its jurisdiction to eliminate all forms of discrimination or unfair competitive practices adversely affecting the competitive position of a Designated Airline of the other Contracting Party.

3

Each Contracting Party shall allow each Designated Airline to determine the frequency and capacity of the international air transportation it offers based upon commercial considerations in the marketplace. Consistent with this right, neither Contracting Party shall unilaterally limit the volume of traffic, frequency or regularity of service, or the aircraft type(s) operated by the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party, except as may be required for customs, technical, operational, or environmental reasons under uniform conditions consistent with Article 15 of the Convention.

4

Neither Party shall impose on the other Party’s Designated Airlines a first-refusal requirement, uplift ratio, no-objection fee, or any other requirement with respect to capacity, frequency or traffic that would be inconsistent with the purposes of this Agreement.

1

Aircraft operating on International Air Services by the Designated Airline(s) of either Contracting Party, as well as their regular equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants, Stores as well as advertising and promotional material kept on board such aircraft shall, on the basis of reciprocity, be exempt from all customs duties, inspection fees and similar national or local duties and charges, on arrival in the Territory of the Contracting Party, provided such equipment and supplies remain on board the aircraft up to such time as they are re-exported.

2

With regard to regular equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants and Stores introduced into the Territory of one Contracting Party by or on behalf of a Designated Airline of the other Contracting Party or taken on board the aircraft operated by such Designated Airline and intended solely for use on board that aircraft while operating International Air Services, no duties and charges, including customs duties and inspection fees imposed in the Territory of the first Contracting Party, shall be applied, even when these supplies are to be used on the parts of the journey performed over the Territory of the Contracting Party in which they are taken on board. The articles referred to above may be required to be kept under customs supervision and control. The provisions of this paragraph cannot be interpreted in such a way that a Contracting Party can be made subject to the obligation to refund customs duties which already have been levied on the items referred to above.

3

Regular airborne equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants and Stores retained on board the aircraft of either Contracting Party may be unloaded in the Territory of the other Contracting Party only with the approval of the customs authorities of that Contracting Party, who may require that these materials be placed under their supervision up to such time as they are re-exported or otherwise disposed of in accordance with customs regulations.

4

Baggage, cargo and mail in transit shall be exempt from customs duties and her similar taxes.

5

The exemptions provided by this Article shall also be available where a Designated Airline(s) of one Contracting Party has contracted with another Airline, which similarly enjoys such exemptions from the other Contracting Party, for the loan or transfer in the Territory of the other Contracting Party of the items specified in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article.

6

Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent the Kingdom of the Netherlands from imposing, on a non-discriminatory basis, taxes, levies, duties, fees or charges on fuel supplied in its territory for use in an aircraft of a designated air carrier of the Republic of Madagascar that operates between a point in the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and another point in the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands or in the territory of another European Community Member State

1

User Charges that may be imposed and or controlled by the competent charging authorities or bodies of each Contracting Party on the Airlines of the other Contracting Party shall be just, reasonable, not unjustly discriminatory, and equitably appointed among categories of users. In any event, any such Users Charges shall be assessed on the Airlines of the other Contracting Party on terms not less favorable than the most favorable terms available to any other Airline at the time the charges are assessed.

2

User Charges imposed on the Airlines of the other Contracting Party may reflect, but shall not exceed, the full cost to the competent charging authorities or bodies of providing the appropriate airport, airport environmental, air navigation, and aviation security facilities and services at the airport or within the airport system. Such full cost may include a reasonable return on assets, after depreciation. Facilities and services for which charges are made shall be provided on an efficient and economic basis.

3

Each Contracting Party shall encourage consultations between the competent charging authorities or bodies in its Territory and the Airlines using the services and facilities, and shall encourage the competent charging authorities or bodies and the Airlines to exchange such information as may be necessary to permit an accurate review of the reasonableness of the charges in accordance with the principles of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article. Each Contracting Party shall encourage the competent charging authorities to provide users with reasonable notice of any proposal for charges to enable users to express their views before changes are made.

4

Neither Contracting Party shall be held to be in breach of a provision of this Article, unless: (i) it fails to undertake a review of the charge or practice that is the subject of complaint by the other Contracting Party within a reasonable amount of time; or (ii) following such a review it fails to take all steps within its power to remedy any charge or practice that is inconsistent with this Article.

1

Income and profits from the operation of aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the Designated airline is situated.

2

Gains from the alienation of aircraft operated in international traffic shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the Designated Airline is situated.

3

Capital represented by aircraft operated in international traffic and by moveable property pertaining to the operation of such aircraft shall be taxable only in the State in which the place of effective management of the Designated Airline is situated.

4

The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall also apply to income and profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business, a cooperative marketing arrangement or an international operating agency.

5

If an agreement between the Contracting Parties on avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion on income and on capital in which air transport is addressed envisages procedures different from those referred to in paragraph 1-4 of this Article, the provisions of the agreement on avoidance of double taxation on income or capital shall be applicable.

1

The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be entitled to transfer, from the Territory of sale to their home Territory the excess, in the Territory of sale, of receipts over expenditure. Included in such net transfer shall be revenues from sales, made directly or through agents, of air transport services, and ancillary or supplemental services, and normal commercial interest earned on such revenues while on deposit awaiting transfer.

2

The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall receive approval for such transfer within at most thirty (30) working days of application, into any currency, at the official rate of exchange for conversion of local currency, as at the date of sale.

3

The Designated Airline(s) of each Contracting Party shall be entitled to effect the actual transfer on receipt of approval.

1

The laws, regulations and procedures of either Contracting Party relating to the entrance or entry into or departure from its Territory of aircraft engaged in International Air Services, or to the operation and navigation of such aircraft, shall be complied with by the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party upon their entrance into, and until and including their departure from, the said Territory.

2

The laws, regulations and procedures of either Contracting Party relating to immigration, passports, or other approved travel documents, entry, clearance, customs and quarantine shall be complied with, by or on behalf of crews, passengers, cargo and mail carried by aircraft of the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party upon their entrance into, and until and including their departure from the Territory of the said Contracting Party.

3

Passengers, baggage, cargo and mail in transit across the Territory of either Contracting Party and not leaving the area of the airport reserved for such purpose shall, except in respect of security measures against violence and air piracy, be subject to no more than a simplified control.

4

Neither of the Contracting Parties shall give preference to any other Airline over the Designated Airline(s) of the other Contracting Party in the application of its customs, immigration, quarantine, and similar regulations; or in the use of airports, airways and air traffic services and associated facilities under its control.

5

Each Contracting Party shall, upon request of the other Contracting Party supply copies of the relevant laws, regulations and procedures referred to in this Agreement.

1

Each Contracting Party may request consultations at any time concerning safety standards in any area relating to air crew, aircraft or their operation adopted by the other Contracting Party. Such consultations shall take place within 30 (thirty) days of that request.

2

If, following such consultations, one Contracting Party finds that the other Contracting Party does not effectively maintain and administer safety standards and requirements in any such area that are at least equal to the minimum standards established at that time pursuant to the Convention, the first Contracting Party shall notify the other Contracting Party of those findings and the steps considered necessary to conform with those minimum standards, and that other Contracting Party shall take appropriate corrective action. Failure by the other Contracting Party to take appropriate action within 15 days or such longer period as may be agreed, shall be grounds for the application of Article 4 of this Agreement (Revocation and Suspension of Authorization).

3

Notwithstanding the obligations mentioned in Article 33 of the Convention it is agreed that any Aircraft operated by or, under a lease arrangement, on behalf of the Airline or Airlines of one Contracting Party on Services to or from the Territory of the other Contracting Party may, while within the Territory of the other Contracting Party, be made the subject of an examination by the authorized representatives of the other Contracting Party, on board and around the aircraft, to check both the validity of the aircraft documents and those of its crew and the apparent conditions of the aircraft and its equipment (ramp inspections), provided this does not lead to unreasonable delay.

4

If any such ramp inspection or series of ramp inspections gives rise to:

• a)

  serious concerns that an aircraft or the operation of an aircraft does not comply with the minimum standards established at that time pursuant to the Convention; or

• b)

  serious concerns that there is a lack of effective maintenance and administration of safety standards established at that time pursuant to the Convention,

the Contracting Party carrying out the inspection shall, for the purpose of Article 33 of the Convention, be free to conclude that the requirements under which the certificate or licenses in respect of that aircraft or in respect of the crew of that aircraft had been issued or rendered valid, or that the requirements under which that aircraft is operated, are not equal to or above the minimum standards established pursuant to the Convention.

5

In the event that access for the purpose of undertaking a ramp inspection of an aircraft operated by the Airline or Airlines of one Contracting Party in accordance with paragraph 3 above is denied by the representative of that Airline or Airlines, the other Contracting Party shall be free to infer that serious concerns of the type referred to in paragraph 4 above arise and to draw the conclusions referred to in that paragraph.

6

Each Contracting Party reserves the right to suspend or vary the operating authorization of an Airline or Airlines of the other Contracting Party immediately in the event the first Contracting Party concludes, whether as a result of a ramp inspection, a series of ramp inspections, a denial of access for ramp inspection, consultations or otherwise, that immediate action is essential to the safety of the Airline’s operation.

7

Any action by one Contracting Party in accordance with paragraphs 2 or 6 above shall be discontinued once the basis for the taking of that action ceases to exist.

8

Each Contracting Party shall see to it that the Designated Airline(s) will be provided with communicative, aviation and meteorological facilities and any other Services necessary for the safe operations of the Agreed Services.

1

The Contracting Parties agree to provide assistance to each other as necessary with a view to preventing unlawful seizure of aircraft and other unlawful acts against the safety of aircraft, its passengers and crew, airports and air navigation facilities and any other threat to security of civil aviation.

2

Each Contracting Party agrees to observe non-discriminatory and generally applicable security provisions required by the other Contracting Party for entry into the Territory of the other Contracting Party and to take adequate measures to inspect passengers and their carry-on items. Each Contracting Party shall also give sympathetic consideration to any request from the other Contracting Party for special security measures for its aircraft or passengers to meet a particular threat.

3

The Contracting Parties shall act in accordance with applicable aviation security provisions established by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Should a Contracting Party depart from such provisions, the other Contracting Party may request consultations with that Contracting Party. Unless otherwise agreed by the Contracting Parties, such consultation shall begin within a period of 60 (sixty) days from the date of receipt of such a request. Failure to reach a satisfactory agreement could constitute grounds for the application of Article 20 of this Agreement.

4

The Contracting Parties shall act in conformity with any agreement effective between them regarding the suppression of acts of unlawful interference, inter alia in respect of aircraft in flight, aircraft in service and/or safety at airports.

5

When an incident, or threat of an incident, of unlawful seizure of aircraft or other unlawful acts against the safety of aircraft, its passengers and crew, airports and air navigation facilities occurs, the Contracting Parties shall assist each other by facilitating communications intended to terminate rapidly and safely such incident or threat thereof.

6

When a Contracting Party has reasonable grounds to believe that the other Contracting Party has departed from the aviation security provisions of this Article, the Aeronautical Authorities of the first Contracting Party may request immediate consultations with the Aeronautical Authorities of the other Contracting Party. Failure to reach a satisfactory agreement within 15 days from the date of such request shall constitute grounds to withhold, revoke, limit or impose conditions on the operating authorization of an Airline or Airlines of that other Contracting Party. When required by an emergency, a Contracting Party may take interim action prior to the expiration of these 15 days.

1

In a spirit of close cooperation the Aeronautical Authorities of the Contracting Parties may consult each other from time to time with a view to ensuring the implementation of, and satisfactory compliance with, the provisions of this Agreement.

2

Either Contracting Party may request consultations with a view to amend this Agreement and or its Annex. These consultations shall begin within sixty (60) days from the date of the receipt of the request by the other Contracting Party, unless otherwise agreed. Such consultations may be conducted through discussion or by correspondence.

3

Any amendment of this Agreement agreed upon by the Contracting Parties, shall come into force on the date on which the Contracting Parties have informed each other in writing, through the exchange of diplomatic notes, of the completion of their respective constitutional requirements.

4

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3 above any amendment of the Annex to this Agreement shall be agreed upon in writing between the Aeronautical Authorities and shall take effect on a date to be determined by the said Authorities.

1

If any dispute arises between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation or application of this Agreement, the Contracting Parties shall in the first place endeavour to settle their dispute by bilateral negotiations.

2

If the Contracting Parties fail to reach a settlement by negotiation, the dispute may at the request of either Contracting Party be submitted for decision to a tribunal of three arbitrators, one to be named by each Contracting Party and the third to be agreed upon by the two arbitrators so chosen, provided that such third arbitrator shall not be a national of either Contracting Party. Each of the Contracting Parties shall designate an arbitrator within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt by either Contracting Party from the other Contracting Party of a diplomatic note requesting arbitration of the dispute and the third arbitrator shall be agreed upon within a further period of sixty (60) days. If either of the Contracting Parties fails to designate its own arbitrator within the period of sixty (60) days or if the third arbitrator is not agreed upon within the period indicated, the President of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization may be requested by either Contracting Party to appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators.

3

The Contracting Parties undertake to comply with any decision given under paragraph 2 of this Article.

1

Either Contracting Party may, at any time, give notice in writing through diplomatic channels to the other Contracting Party of its decision to terminate this Agreement.

2

Such notice shall be simultaneously communicated to the International Civil Aviation Organization. In such case this Agreement shall terminate 12 (twelve) months after the date of receipt of the notice by the other Contracting Party, unless the notice to terminate is withdrawn by agreement between the Contracting Parties before the expiry of this period. In the absence of acknowledgement of receipt of the notice of termination by the other Contracting Party, such notice shall be deemed to have been received fourteen (14) working days after the receipt of that notice by the International Civil Aviation Organization.

1

The provisions of the Convention shall be applicable to this Agreement.

2

If a multilateral agreement or convention, accepted by both Contracting Parties, concerning any matter covered by this Agreement, enters into force, the relevant provisions of that multilateral agreement or convention shall supersede the relevant provisions of this Agreement.

3

The Contracting Parties may consult each other to determine the consequences for the Agreement of the supersession, as mentioned under paragraph 2 of this Article and to agree upon required amendments to the Agreement.